This paper investigates the problem of data gathering in rechargeable Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The low energy harvesting rate of rechargeable nodes necessitates effective energy management in these networks. The existing schemes did not comprehensively examine the important aspects of energy-aware data gathering including sleep scheduling, and energy-aware clustering and routing. Additionally, most of them proposed greedy algorithms with poor performance. As a result, nodes run out of energy intermittently and temporary disconnections occur throughout the network. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient data gathering algorithm namely Energy-aware Data Gathering in Rechargeable wireless sensor networks (EDGR). The proposed algorithm divides the original problem into three phases namely sleep scheduling, clustering, and routing, and solves them successively using particle swarm optimization algorithm. As derived from the simulation results, the EDGR algorithm improves the average and standard deviation of the energy stored in the nodes by 17% and 5.6 times, respectively, compared to the previous methods. Also, the packet loss ratio and energy consumption for delivering data to the sink of this scheme is very small and almost zero
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