Modeling and Analysis of Tower Protection Performance in Order to Coordinate with Environmental Conditions Response and Security Constraint Unit Commitment
Subject Areas : electrical and computer engineeringKeywords: Communication tower antenna charge simulation method lightning rod upward leader,
Abstract :
رIn this paper, effective parameters on lightning performance of communication tower are analyzed. The effect of communication tower height, Influence of weather conditions and adjacent structures are investigated. A 3-D numerical analysis model based on charge simulation method is applied to calculate the probability of shielding failure and to determine the number of direct lightning strokes to antenna. The communication tower, lightning rod, downward descending leader and upward leaders are modeled by different shapes of charges. For each of the numerous points of all the space above the tower and for different values of lightning current, downward lightning leader is considered to be initiated, and it is distributed step by step until final jump. The electric field around the grounded objects is calculated and upward leader inception criterion is checked in each step. If this criterion were approved for a point, an upward leader would be initiated from that point and then the distribution of upward leader would continue. Upward leaders might be initiated from more than one point but only one of them could strike to downward leader. This process will continue for different conditions and in every situation all the results are analyzed and evaluated.
References:
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[24] Y. Xu and M. Chen, "Striking distance calculation for flat ground and lightning rod by a 3D self-organized leader propagation model," in Proc Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, ICLP'12, 5 pp., Vienna, Austria, 2-7 Sep. 2012.
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[28] B. Vahidi, M. Yahyaabadi, M. R. Bank Tavakoli, and S. M. Ahadi, "Leader progression analysis model for shielding failure computation by using charge simulation method," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 2201-2206, Oct. 2008.
[29] M. Yahyaabadi, B. Vahidi, and M. R. Bank Tavakoli, "Estimation of shielding failure number of different configurations of double - circuit transmission lines using leader progression analysis model," Electrical Engineering, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 79-85, Jul. 2010.
[30] M. Yahyaabadi and B. Vahidi, "Estimation of shielding failure number of transmission lines for different trace configurations using leader progression analysis," Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 27-32, Jun. 2012.
[31] M. R. Bank Tavakoli and B. Vahidi, "Transmission-lines shielding failure-rate calculation by means of 3-D leader progression models," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 507-516, Apr. 2011.
[32] M. R. Bank Tavakoli and B. Vahidi, "A metamodeling approach for leader progression model-based shielding failure rate calculation of transmission lines using artificial neural networks," J. of Electrical Engineering & Technology, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 760-768, Nov. 2011.
[33] A. M. Mousa, "Failure of the collection volume method and attempts of the ESE lightning rod industry to resurrect it," J. of Lightning Research, vol. 4, Supp. 2: M9, pp. 118-128, Jan. 2012.
[34] V. Cooray, The Mechanism of the Lightning Flash, in the Lightning Flash, V. Cooray, Ed. London, U. K.: Inst. Elect. Eng., pp. 144-159, 2003.
[35] U. Kumar, P. K. Bokka, and J. Padhii, "A macroscopic inception criterion for the upward leaders of natural lightning," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 904-911, Apr. 2005.
[36] M. Becerra and V. Cooray, "A simplified physical model to determine the lightning upward connecting leader inception," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 897-908, Apr. 2006.
[37] M. Becerra and V. Cooray, "On the velocity of lightning upward connecting positive leaders," in Proc. IX Int. Sym. on Lightning Protection, 6 pp., 26-30 Nov. 2007.
[38] F. A. M. Rizk, "Modeling of transmission line exposure to direct lightning strokes," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1983-1997, Nov. 1990.
[39] M. Ishii, M. Saito, F. Fujii, and A. Sugita, "Probability of lightning hits to tall structures taking account of upward lightning," in Proc. Asia-Pacific Int. Sym. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 1185-1188, Beijing, China, 12-16 Apr. 2010.
[40] S. Ait-Amar and G. Berger, "A model of protection of earthed structures by means of lightning rod conductors," in Proc. IEEE Russia Power Tech, 6 pp., Russia, 27-30 Jun. 2005.
[41] M. Nayel, "Investigation of lightning rod striking distance," in Proc. 7th Asia-Pacific Int Conf. on Lightning, pp. 155-159, Chengdu, China, 1-4 Nov. 2011.
[1] R. H. Golde, Lightning Protection, Edward Arnold Publishing Co., London, Britain, 1973.
[2] M. A. Uman, The Art and Science of Lightning Protection, Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
[3] F. A. M. Rizk, "Modeling of lightning exposure of buildings and massive structures," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1987-1998, Oct. 2009.
[4] F. A. M. Rizk, "Modeling of lightning exposure of sharp and blunt rods," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 3122-3132, Oct. 2010.
[5] F. S. Young, J. M. Clayton, and A. R. Hileman, "Shielding of transmission lines," AIEE Trans. Power App., pp. 132-154, 1963.
[6] G. W. Brown and E. R. Whitehead, "Field and analytical studies of transmission lines shielding: part ii," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 617-626, Mar. 1969.
[7] T. Horvath, Computation of Lightning Protection, London, U. K. Research Studies Press, 1991.
[8] A. J. Eriksson, "The incidence of lightning strikes to power lines," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 859-870, Jul. 1987.
[9] A. J. Eriksson, "An improved electrogeometric model for transmission line shielding analysis," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 871-886, Jul. 1987.
[10] M. M. Drabkin, "Lightning protection of tall structures," in Proc. Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, ICLP'12, 6 pp., 2-7 Sep. 2012.
[11] F. A. M. Rizk, "Switching impulse strength of air insulation: leader inception criterion," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 2187-2195, Oct. 1989.
[12] F. A. M. Rizk, "Modeling of transmission line exposure to direct lightning strokes," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1983-1997, Nov. 1990.
[13] F. A. M. Rizk, "Modeling of lightning incidence to tall structures part i: theory," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 162-171, Jan. 1994.
[14] F. A. M. Rizk, "Modeling of lightning incidence to tall structures part ii: application," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 172-193, Jan. 1994.
[15] L. Dellera and E. Garbagnati, "Lightning stroke simulation by means of the leader progression model part i: description of the model and evaluation of exposure of free-standing structures," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 2009-2022, Nov. 1990.
[16] L. Dellera and E. Garbagnati, "Lightning stroke simulation by means of the leader progression model part ii: exposure and shielding failure evaluation of overhead lines with assessment of application graphs," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 2023-2029, Nov. 1990.
[17] U. Kumar and N. T. Joseph, "Analysis of air termination system of the lightning protection scheme for the indian satellite launch pad," in IEE Proc. Science, Measurement, and Technology, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 3-10, Jan. 2003.
[18] J. He, Y. Tu, R. Zeng, J. B. Lee, S. H. Chang, and Z. Guan, "Numeral analysis model for shielding failure of transmission line under lightning stroke," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 815-821, Apr. 2005.
[19] Q. B. Zhou and Y. Du, "Numerical analysis of the charge distribution on building structure in the preliminary breakdown phase of lightning," in Proc. 17th Int. Zurich Sym. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 405-408, 27 Feb.- 3Mar. 2006.
[20] A. Borghetti, F. Napolitano, C. A. Nucci, M. Paolone, and M. Bernardi, "Numerical solution of the leader progression model by means of the finite element method," in Proc. 30th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, 8 pp., Cagliari, Italy, 13-17 Sep. 2010.
[21] H. Zhou, N. Theethayi, G. Diendorfer, R. Thottappillil, and V. A. Rakov, "On estimation of the effective height of towers on mountaintops in lightning incidence studies," J. of Electrostatics, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 415-418, Oct. 2010.
[22] H. He, J. He, S. Xie, and S. Yao, "Assessment of lightning shielding performance of double-circuit UHV overhead transmission lines," in Proc. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 8 pp., Minneapolis, US, 25-29 Jul. 2010.
[23] Y. Xu and M. Chen, "An improved 3-D self-consistent stochastic stepped leader model," in Proc 7th Asia-Pacific Int Conf. on Lightning, APL'11, pp. 699-705, Chengdu, China, 1-4 Nov. 2011.
[24] Y. Xu and M. Chen, "Striking distance calculation for flat ground and lightning rod by a 3D self-organized leader propagation model," in Proc Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, ICLP'12, 5 pp., Vienna, Austria, 2-7 Sep. 2012.
[25] H. Singer, H. Steinbigler, and P. Weiss, "A charge simulation method for the calculation of high voltage fields," IEEE Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 1660-1668, Sep. 1974.
[26] A. Yializis, E. Kuffel, and P. H. Alexander, "An optimized charge simulation method for the calculation of high voltage fields," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 2434-2438, Dec. 1978.
[27] N. H. Malik, "A review of the charge simulation method and its application," IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 3-20, Feb. 1989.
[28] B. Vahidi, M. Yahyaabadi, M. R. Bank Tavakoli, and S. M. Ahadi, "Leader progression analysis model for shielding failure computation by using charge simulation method," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 2201-2206, Oct. 2008.
[29] M. Yahyaabadi, B. Vahidi, and M. R. Bank Tavakoli, "Estimation of shielding failure number of different configurations of double - circuit transmission lines using leader progression analysis model," Electrical Engineering, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 79-85, Jul. 2010.
[30] M. Yahyaabadi and B. Vahidi, "Estimation of shielding failure number of transmission lines for different trace configurations using leader progression analysis," Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 27-32, Jun. 2012.
[31] M. R. Bank Tavakoli and B. Vahidi, "Transmission-lines shielding failure-rate calculation by means of 3-D leader progression models," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 507-516, Apr. 2011.
[32] M. R. Bank Tavakoli and B. Vahidi, "A metamodeling approach for leader progression model-based shielding failure rate calculation of transmission lines using artificial neural networks," J. of Electrical Engineering & Technology, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 760-768, Nov. 2011.
[33] A. M. Mousa, "Failure of the collection volume method and attempts of the ESE lightning rod industry to resurrect it," J. of Lightning Research, vol. 4, Supp. 2: M9, pp. 118-128, Jan. 2012.
[34] V. Cooray, The Mechanism of the Lightning Flash, in the Lightning Flash, V. Cooray, Ed. London, U. K.: Inst. Elect. Eng., pp. 144-159, 2003.
[35] U. Kumar, P. K. Bokka, and J. Padhii, "A macroscopic inception criterion for the upward leaders of natural lightning," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 904-911, Apr. 2005.
[36] M. Becerra and V. Cooray, "A simplified physical model to determine the lightning upward connecting leader inception," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 897-908, Apr. 2006.
[37] M. Becerra and V. Cooray, "On the velocity of lightning upward connecting positive leaders," in Proc. IX Int. Sym. on Lightning Protection, 6 pp., 26-30 Nov. 2007.
[38] F. A. M. Rizk, "Modeling of transmission line exposure to direct lightning strokes," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1983-1997, Nov. 1990.
[39] M. Ishii, M. Saito, F. Fujii, and A. Sugita, "Probability of lightning hits to tall structures taking account of upward lightning," in Proc. Asia-Pacific Int. Sym. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 1185-1188, Beijing, China, 12-16 Apr. 2010.
[40] S. Ait-Amar and G. Berger, "A model of protection of earthed structures by means of lightning rod conductors," in Proc. IEEE Russia Power Tech, 6 pp., Russia, 27-30 Jun. 2005.
[41] M. Nayel, "Investigation of lightning rod striking distance," in Proc. 7th Asia-Pacific Int Conf. on Lightning, pp. 155-159, Chengdu, China, 1-4 Nov. 2011.