برنامه‌ریزی توان راکتیو در حضور توربین بادی با در نظر گرفتن نایقینی بار و تولید
محورهای موضوعی : مهندسی برق و کامپیوتراحسان محرمی 1 , سعید اسماعیلی 2 *
1 - دانشگاه تحصیلات تکمیلی و فناوری پیشرفته
2 - دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان
کلید واژه: مولدهای بادی برنامه‌ریزی توان راکتیو تابع هزینه نایقینی پیش‌بینی بار پایداری ولتاژ رزرو توان راکتیو محلی,
چکیده مقاله :
مدیریت توان راکتیو در سیستم‌های قدرت برای انتقال ایمن توان اکتیو به ویژه زمانی که قسمتی از تولید سیستم به صورت احتمالی و توسط منابع بادی تأمین می‌گردد از اهمیت اساسی برخوردار است. در این مقاله یک الگوریتم جدید برای برنامه‌ریزی توان راکتیو در حضور مولدهای بادی و با در نظر گرفتن هم‌زمان طبیعت احتمالی این منابع و همچنین نایقینی بار ارائه گردیده است. در این راستا الگوریتم احتمالی پیشنهادی با در نظر گرفتن تابع هزینه هر یک از منابع توان راکتیو از جمله مولدهای بادی، تابع هزینه کلی سیستم را حداقل می‌نماید. در کنار مسایل اقتصادی، حاشیه پایداری ولتاژ، داشتن رزرو توان راکتیو کافی در هر ناحیه کنترل ولتاژ و احتمال تراکم خطوط نیز به عنوان جنبه‌های تکنیکی برنامه‌ریزی توان راکتیو به خوبی مورد مطالعه و بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند. از دیگر مزیت‌های این روش نسبت به روش‌های قبلی، لحاظ‌نمودن قابلیت تولید توان راکتیو در مولدهای بادی از نوع سرعت متغیر محدود با ژنراتور القایی تغذیه مضاعف (DFIG) و در نظر گرفتن محدودیت‌های مبدل سمت روتور و شبکه در تولید توان راکتیو می‌باشد. الگوریتم بهینه‌سازی ارائه‌شده از یک تکنیک برنامه‌ریزی چندهدفه با استفاده از ضرایب وزنی مناسب برای حداقل‌نمودن مجموع هزینه تأمین توان راکتیو و تلفات شبکه، به طور هم‌زمان و احتمال تراکم خطوط، همراه با حداکثرنمودن حاشیه پایداری ولتاژ و رزرو توان راکتیو در هر ناحیه در یک ساختار احتمالی برای سرعت باد و پیش‌بینی بار استفاده می‌نماید. نتایج شبیه‌سازی روی شبکه تست 30باسه IEEE بر کارامدی روش پیشنهادی برای شرایط واقعی سیستم تأکید دارد.
Reactive power management is very important in power systems for the secure transmission of active power, especially when a part of system generation is provided by stochastic sources like wind energy. This paper presents a new algorithm for reactive power management in the presence of wind generators and considering the stochastic nature of these sources and load simultaneously .In this regard, the proposed probabilistic algorithm, minimizes the overall cost function of the system considering the cost of each of the reactive power sources including wind generators. Besides economic issues, the voltage stability margin, having sufficient reactive power reserve in each area of voltage control and considering transmission congestion probability as technical aspects of the planning, have been investigated .Another advantage of this method compared to the previous one, is using of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and its capability in providing reactive power considering the constraints of grid side and rotor side converters. The proposed optimization algorithm uses a multi objective function with different weighting coefficients. This algorithm is applied to minimize total reactive power, cost and losses and maximize voltage stability margin and reactive power reserve, simultaneously, meanwhile the probabilistic nature of wind and load forecasting inaccuracy is considered in this algorithm. The proposed method is implemented on the IEEE 30-bus test system and the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed algorithm in real conditions for PMSMs against internal faults, especially inter-turn faults.
[1] FERC Order No. 888, Promotion of Wholesale Competition Through Open Access Non-Discriminatory Transmission Services by Public Utilities and Recovery of Stranded Costs by Public Utilities and Transmitting Utilities, Apr. 1996.
[2] T. Plavsic and I. Kuzle, "Two-stage optimization algorithm for short-term reactive power planning based on zonal approach," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 949-957, Apr. 2011.
[3] N. Amjady, A. Rabiee, and H. Shayanfar, "A stochastic framework for clearing of reactive power market," Energy, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 239-245, Jun. 2010.
[4] I. El-Samahy, C. Canizares, K. Bhattacharya, and J. Pan, "An optimal reactive power dispatch model for deregulated electricity markets," in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 7 pp., Jun. 2007.
[5] F. Echavarren, E. Lobato, and L. Rouco, "Steady-state analysis of the effect of reactive generation limits in voltage stability," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 79, no. 9, pp. 1292-1299, Sep. 2009.
[6] C. T. Su and C. T. Lin, "Fuzzy-based voltage/reactive power scheduling for voltage security improvement and loss reduction," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 319-323, Apr. 2001.
[7] J. Zhong and K. Bhattacharya, "Toward a competitive market for reactive power," Power Systems, IEEE Trans. on, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1206-1215, Nov. 2002.
[8] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 1994.
[9] I. El-Samahy, K. Bhattacharya, C. Canizares, M. F. Anjos, and J. Pan, "A procurement market model for reactive power services considering system security," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 137-149, Feb. 2008.
[10] L. Arya, L. Titare, and D. Kothari, "Improved particle swarm optimization applied to reactive power reserve maximization," Int. J. of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 368-374, Jun. 2010.
[11] H. Lund, "Renewable energy strategies for sustainable development," Energy, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 912-919, Jun. 2007.
[12] N. Lior, "Sustainable energy development: the present (2009) situation and possible paths to the future," Energy, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 3976-3994, Apr. 2010.
[13] T. Lobos, J. Rezmer, P. Janik, H. Amaris, M. Alonso, and C. Alvarez, "Application of wavelets and Prony method for disturbance detection in fixed speed wind farms," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 429-436, Oct. 2009.
[14] H. Raoufi and M. Kalantar, "Reactive power rescheduling with generator ranking for voltage stability improvement," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 1129-1135, Feb. 2009.
[15] Q. Ai and C. Gu, "Economic operation of wind farm integrated system considering voltage stability," Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 608-614, Mar. 2009.
[16] M. Braun, "Reactive power supply by distributed generators," in Power and Energy Society General Meeting-Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, IEEE, 8 pp., Jul. 2008.
[17] M. Albadi and E. El-Saadany, "Overview of wind power intermittency impacts on power systems," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 627-632, Jun. 2010.
[18] J. Wang, M. Shahidehpour, and Z. Li, "Security-constrained unit commitment with volatile wind power generation," Power Systems, IEEE Trans. on, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1319-1327, Jul. 2008.
[19] H. Siahkali and M. Vakilian, "Stochastic unit commitment of wind farms integrated in power system," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 80, no. 9, pp. 1006-1017, Sep. 2010.
[20] M. Shahidehpour, H. Yamin, and Z. Li, Frontmatter and Index, Wiley Online Library, 2002.
[21] L. Wu, M. Shahidehpour, and Y. Fu, "Security-constrained generation and transmission outage scheduling with uncertainties," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1674-1685, Feb. 2010.
[22] H. Chen, C. A. Canizares, and A. Singh, "ANN-based short-term load forecasting in electricity markets," in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, , pp. 411-415, Jan. 2001.
[23] H. Amaris and M. Alonso, "Coordinated reactive power management in power networks with wind turbines and FACTS devices," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 2575-2586, Jul. 2011.
[24] NERC Operating Policy-10 on Interconnected Operation Services, Electricity Reliability Council, North Amer, Draft-3.1, 2000.
[25] S. Parida, S. Singh, and S. Srivastava, "Reactive power cost allocation by using a value-based approach," Generation, Transmission, & Distribution, IET, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 872-884, Sep. 2009.
[26] S. Hao, "A reactive power management proposal for transmission operators," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1374-1381, Nov. 2003.
[27] S. Hasanpour, R. Ghazi, and M. Javidi, "A new approach for cost allocation and reactive power pricing in a deregulated environment," Electrical Engineering, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 27-34, May 2009.
[28] N. R. Ullah, K. Bhattacharya, and T. Thiringer, "Wind farms as reactive power ancillary service providers - technical and economic issues," Energy Conversion, IEEE Trans. on, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 661-672, Jan. 2009.
[29] M. Esmaili, H. A. Shayanfar, and N. Amjady, "Multi-objective congestion management incorporating voltage and transient stabilities," Energy, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1401-1412, Sep. 2009.
[30] M. Moghavvemi and F. Omar, "Technique for contingency monitoring and voltage collapse prediction," IET Generation, Transmission, and Distribution, vol. 145, no. 6, pp. 634-640, Nov. 1998.
[31] M. Mohammadi and G. Gharehpetian, "Application of core vector machines for on-line voltage security assessment using a decision-tree-based feature selection algorithm," IET Generation, Transmission, & Distribution, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 701-712, Aug. 2009.
[32] R. A. Schlueter, S. Z. Liu, and K. Ben-Kilani, "Justification of the voltage stability security assessment and diagnostic procedure using a bifurcation subsystem method," Power Systems, IEEE Trans. on, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1105-1111, Aug. 2000.
[33] P. Lagonotte, J. Sabonnadiere, J. Y. Leost, and J. P. Paul, "Structural analysis of the electrical system: application to secondary voltage control in France," Power Systems, IEEE Trans. on, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 479-486, May 1989.
[34] H. Liu, A. Bose, and V. Venkatasubramanian, "A fast voltage security assessment method using adaptive bounding," in, Proc. of the 21st IEEE Power Industry Computer Applications, PICA'991999 International Conf., pp. 325-330, Jul. 1999.
[35] E. Nobile and A. Bose, "A new scheme for voltage control in a competitive ancillary service market," in Proc. of the Power Systems Computation Conf., Seville, Spain, Jun. 2002.
[36] M. Zeleny and J. L. Cochrane, Multiple Criteria Decision Making, vol. 25, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982.
[37] A. Kargarian and M. Raoofat, "Stochastic reactive power market with volatility of wind power considering voltage security," Energy, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 2565-2571, May 2011.
[38] SKiiP 1803GB172-3DW power module data sheet [Online], Available: http://www.semikron.com/internet/ds.jsp?file=1264.html.